RDE Style

You need to follow this style ONLY if your paper is accepted for publication in RDE.
Check the Web site for a more updated version: http://www.ag.iastate.edu/journals/rde. Updated, January 21, 1999

alarm clock

Three Things to Send

Return these items within 120 days of the date of the acceptance letter. Otherwise, the acceptance letter is automatically cancelled.

Hard copies: Send 2 hard copies of the paper plus a copy of the acceptance letter. Prepare the final version using the procedure below. Once the paper is ready, read the checklist in section 8.
Abstract by e-mail: If you change your e-mail or postal address, please notify the editorial office of the change. Otherwise, publication will be delayed.
Diskette and photographs of authors: Send a diskette (or a Zip disk if the file exceeds 1.4 MB) in a protective mailer or case, containing the file of your finished paper. No PS or PDF files (they do not permit editing). The purpose is to minimize typographical errors and to reduce your fatigue at the proofing stage. On the diskette, please indicate which word processor is used. Professional or casual photographs (prints or JPEG files > 25Kb) of individual or joint authors are welcome (for Internet, but no passport pictures). Photos are not returned to authors.

Preparing the Electronic Abstract

Your electronic abstract will become available through electronic media (Economic Research Network and others) as soon as the final version of your paper is received. Send your electronic abstract in ascii format to kchoi@iastate.edu and 1 hard copy to the editorial office. You have completed this task if you get an e-mail confirmation from the editorial office. The abstracts includes:

150

exceeds

Example of an Electronic Abstract

      MS#2072, acceptance date: February 29, 2001           

      "International Disparity in Land Prices"               
      REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS                       

      BY:       JOHN DOE                                                   
                - Louisiana State University                         
                JILL COAUTHOR                                      
                - Hebrew University of Jerusalem                      
      Contact:  John Doe                                              
      E-mail:   jdoe@lsu.edu                                  
      Postal:   Department of Economics, Louisiana State University,    
                Baton Rouge, LA 70803                         
      Phone:    (504) 123-4567                               
      Fax:      (504) 111-1111                               
      Co-Auth:  Jill Coauthor: jcoauthor@primal.ucdavis.edu

      This paper investigates the long run relationship       
      ...text... (no more than 150 words)                      
                       
     JEL Classifications: F1, F12

Authors will be contacted via e-mail a week or so before the abstracts are published to give them the opportunity to look over their abstracts and make any changes or corrections they wish to make.

Preparing the Final Version

1. Title Page

A. Write "REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS"
B. Manuscript No. and Acceptance Date
C. Title: typed in upper and lower case letters, bold, flush left.
D. Acknowledgment Asterisk: There must be a corresponding asterisk following the title.
E. Author's Name: Upper and lower case, italics. Use first or middle name, not initials only.
F. Running Heads: Right Running Head (RRH): Give a shortened version of the title for the RRH, less than 45 spaces. Upper case. Left Running Head (LRH): author's name or names, underlined.
G. Abstract: 1. Abstracts should give a clear idea of the main conclusions of the article and the methods employed. No abstract is needed for comments.; 2. Abstracts should not contain equations, diagrams, or foot/endnotes.; 3. Abstracts are limited to 150 words. Absolutely no exceptions, because RDE is included in the electronic indexing and abstracting services such as EconLit produced by JEL.; 4. The abstract must be double-spaced.
H. Headnote: After an asterisk (*), provide complete postal addresses of the authors here (last names only). Then add telephone and/or fax numbers and e-mail address (optional). If two or more authors have identical addresses, then the last names of these authors should precede the address. Department (or Faculty) may be specified, if it is not economics. For example:: Adam: Garden University, Eden, CA 10000.; Eve: Department of Finance, Babel Tower University, Ur, IRAQ.
Authors outside the U.S. and Canada should include country and city Tel. codes once. Then list acknowledgments and caveats (no more than 70 words). DO NOT THANK the editor or guest editor(s).
I. JEL Classification number(s).
J. Abbreviations: List any abbreviations in ALL CAPS; they must not be italicized.
K. Numbers of Figures and Tables: Specify the total number of both Figures and Tables in the paper, even if the number is zero.
L. Date
M. Contact author: Address and phone/fax numbers (mandatory) and e-mail address (strongly recommended) of the contact author responsible for correspondence regarding page proofs and offprints.
N. Example of title page:

      REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
      Manuscript No: #7147, Acceptance Date: December 31, 2000

      International Disparity in Land Prices*                 

      John Doe                                                
      Jill Coauthor                                           

      RRH: DISPARITY IN LAND PRICES                           
      LRH: John Doe and Jill Coauthor
  
      Abstract                                                

      This paper tests two hypotheses concerning the long run relationship      
      ...Text...
 
      *Doe: Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada. Tel:
      515-294-5999, Fax: 294-9913, E-mail: me@iastate.edu. Last name    
      of coauthor): address, Tel/Fax, etc.  We wish to thank....        
                                                              
      JEL Classification Number(s):                            
      Abbreviations: IMF, FOB, LDC.                            
      Number of Figures: 3      Number of Tables: 0            
      Date: January 1, 2001                        
      Address of Contact Author: John Doe, ... Phone/fax numbers/e-mail

2. Text

A. Double-spaced: Text must be double spaced throughout the paper, including endnotes. Use only one side of the paper.
B. Copies: Send 2 hard copies plus a diskette containing the file (using any word processor). Write only your last name on the label of the diskette and the manuscript number.
C. Dividing the manuscript into Sections: All paragraphs are indented, except the first in each section or subsection. Observe the following example:
1. Introduction Text, text, text, ... 2. Disparity in Land Prices Direct Demand for Land Text, text, text, ... Land Demand in Japan. Land prices have been stable... text...text...text... text...
Section headings are numbered with Arabic numerals, and are in upper and lower case, bold, flush left. Subheadings are in upper and lower case also, double-spaced below the preceding line, and italicized (or underlined), flush left. Further subheadings are shown with paragraph indentation, underlined, upper and lower case, and are followed by a period. The text then begins on the same line, immediately following the subheading. Avoid using more than two levels of subheads.
D. Propositions, Theorems, Lemmas, and Definitions: State these in an indented paragraph, immediately after the title designating the content.
Not Proposition 1: Assume that a unilateral tariff reduction.... but Proposition 1: Assume that a unilateral tariff reduction...
E. Location of Figures and Tables: Lines and curves in figures must be bold enough to survive reductions in the printed pages. All instructions to the typesetter should be handwritten clearly in the margin and circled to distinguish them from actual text to be set. Indicate the position of the tables and figures by writing and circling "INSERT Figure 1 Here" in the right or left margin. Do not abbreviate Figure as "Fig." in the text. Refer to figures and tables with Arabic numerals. The actual tables and figures should be supplied on separate sheets and placed at the end of the paper, after the endnote listing. Never place page numbers on them. Never staple them.
F. Endnote Citations: 1. Show the endnote citations within the text in this manner:; Let us examine the effects of protection on land prices in Japan.6 (endnote number in superscript); 2. Endnotes are given in a separate listing at the back of the paper, following the references. Do not place them at the bottom of text pages, but on a separate page or pages at the end of the paper.; 3. After the paper is completed, go through the text and underscore each endnote with an inverted red caret mark, like a "v". It is very difficult and costly for the typesetter to locate them or distinguish them from exponents or other superscripts without this distinction. Make certain that each listed endnote is also cited in the text.; 4. Footnotes in Tables: Do not use numbers in these cases, because they might appear to be exponents. Use alphabetic superscript designations such as a, b, c, etc. for footnotes in Tables. No footnotes for Figures.; 5. Endnotes in Appendices: Number them consecutively with the numbers in the text. If appendices are simply tables, use the instruction for table footnotes.
G. Reference Citations: 1. General instructions: References listed must be referred to in the text by year (and page if necessary) placed in parentheses. Separate multiple references by semicolons. Multiple References are listed in alphabetical order. For quotations, page numbers may be indicated such as Johnson (1990, p. 15). If a reference comes at the end of a sentence, the period follows the parenthesis. Every publication or unpublished manuscript mentioned must be listed in the reference list and cited. If multiple references by an author are cited in the same year, distinguish them alphabetically such as (1991a) and (1991b).; 2. Sample citation: "Many authors have examined this issue in recent years (Jones, 1981; Samuelson, 1990; Neary, 1989)."; 3. For recurring references and names, abbreviations are acceptable. For instance, when a reference appears the first time, include the abbreviation after the year and use abbreviations thereafter:; Grossman and Helpman (1991, GH hereafter) ...; Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models ...
H. Distinguishing between Notes and References: A reference is used only when the reader is being referred to a given work. It is used to identify more fully a work the author has mentioned. If any discussion at all is included, then it is an endnote, not a citation, and should be treated as such. Of course, endnotes may contain references.
I. Examples of Frequently Occurring Incorrect References
1. ...text (see, for instance, Beladi (1990)). 2. ...text (i.e., Smith (1789)). 3. ...text (see Brown, 1985; and Adams, 1990, 45). Correct References are: 1. ...text (Beladi, 1990). 2. ...text (Smith, 1789). 3. ...text (Brown, 1985; Adams, 1990, p. 45).
RDE prefers that the cited author's name not be placed inside the parentheses with years. Try to reword your sentence so that the author's name can be gracefully worked into the text. Alternatively, use an endnote outside of a sentence, where applicable or desirable.

3. Math Symbols and Equations

A. Math Symbols

1. Italics: All mathematical variables will be italicized by the printer. Points in a figure (e.g., A, B, C, etc.) are not to be italicized. If a sentence or a phrase is to be emphasized in italics, type it in italic or underline it, but do not do both (it is not necessary to underline it by hand).

2. Abbreviations: It is necessary to differentiate math symbols and abbreviations (e.g., IMF)- the latter should not be italicized. After the paper is completed, go through the entire text and, using a red pen, circle each abbreviation. It is very difficult and costly for the typesetter to distinguish them. For all caps abbreviations, full stops are not needed, e.g., USA. For the plural, no apostrophe is needed, e.g. MPs, not MP's.

3. Use of "l" and "o" should be avoided because they can be confused with numbers. Circumflexes, bars, dots, and tildes should be used sparingly. Superscripts and subscripts are preferred.

4. Numbers: All numbers (excluding 1 - 10) are typed as Arabic numerals. Use Arabic numerals for exact measures attached to units. Use %, rather than percent.

5. Quotations: Longer quotations of more than 60 words should be broken off from the text and set out as extracts. In this case, there is no need for opening or closing quotation marks. Use double quotations normally, and reserve single quotations for quoted words within a quotation.

6. All notes to typists must be done by hand, and not typewritten. These marks are to be made in red pencil or some vividly colored ink.

7. Matrix Notation, Vectors, and Determinants. These are not usually underlined for italics! They are usually shown in boldface Roman type.

B. Equations

1. Equation numbers: type in Arabic numerals in parentheses (without a period), flush right. Equations in the appendices should be numbered separately, beginning with (A1). (7a), (7b), (A2a) and (A2b) are acceptable, but not (7.1), (7.2), (A2.1), or (A2.2).

2. RDE strongly recommends that equations be written in linear form, using a slash (/) to denote fractions. Examples can be found in the Chicago Manual of Style. For example, fractions should be written in the form:

           µ_j = (a - brj)/(c + d), and not

                  (a - brj)
           µ_j =  ___________
                   (c + d)

If you insist on the latter method, you will have to sacrifice other things because of space limitations. If the numerator and the denominator are complicated expressions, then write the fraction as a ratio of two variables (e.g., A/B) and define them.

4. Tables and Figures

A. Tables: 1. RDE will typeset your tables, but they must be neat and legible.; 2. Send two copies of each table.; 3. Each table must be submitted on a separate piece of paper.; 4. Place "Table 1. Title of the Table," etc., flush left below the table.; 5. Each Table must have a caption in one line. Do not use all upper case for titles.; 6. Do not place a page number on the table.; 7. Tables are to be placed at the back of the manuscript with the figures, if any. Do not staple them to the manuscript.; 8. Tables must contain no vertical lines, and only the minimum amount of horizontal lines, preferably 3: one at the top, one under the column headings, and one at the bottom.; 9. For footnotes in tables, see Section 2. E. 4.; 10. Indicate the desired position of a table by a handwritten note in the margin, e.g., "INSERT Table 1 here" and circle it.; 11. Tables must be submitted free from error! This is the most expensive type of alteration. You will be billed for your corrections.
B. Figures: 1. All figures must be camera-ready, which means that we must have an original copy, as well as a photo copy, of each one. Please do NOT bend camera-ready photomechanical transfers (PMTs). The figures are reproduced photographically and must be submitted without error. Do not correct errors in the figures when you receive the proofs; you have to mail the corrected original figures to the editorial office! We prefer not to reduce below 60%, because legibility is impaired beyond this limit. Keep in mind the actual text area (220 x 130 mm) into which figures have to fit.; 2. RDE insists that the figures be professionally drawn or laser printed (600 dpi or higher resolution).; 3. Place each figure on a separate sheet of paper.; 4. Place "Figure 1. Dissimilar Factor Endowments," etc., flush left below each figure.; 5. Each figure must have a title in one line. Use upper case and lower case letters, not all caps. Place the title well below the figure. Insert at least one blank line. (It will be typeset by the printer.); 6. Never draw in ball-point ink or colored inks. They reproduce poorly or not at all. Use only black ink. Use india ink or art pen. Figures which contain blurred or feathery lines will be returned to authors for correction.; 7. Figures are given Arabic numbers.; 8. Indicate the desired location on a separate line.

5. References

A. Place the reference sheet immediately following the text.
B. List only those references which are actually cited in the text or endnotes.
C. Arrange references alphabetically, double-spaced, author's last name first.
D. Do not use initials in place of first names, unless the author never uses a first or middle name. Such usage causes serious problems and confusion in indexes.
E. Do not indent the first line of each reference.
F. References must contain all necessary bibliographic information.
G. If more than one work by the same author is cited, the name of the author is deleted after the first mention and replaced by a dash.
H. In the event of multiple articles by the same author, arrange them chronologically.
I. Multiple authors: et al. may be used for four or more authors. If there are two or three, give all last names.
J. Book Listing: Author's name, Title, Place of Publication: Name of publisher, year of publication. See the examples below.
K. Article Listing: Author's Name, Title, Name of Journal Volume Number (year): pages of the article.
L. Unpublished works: "unpublished" or "manuscript" is acceptable; "mimeo" is not. See the example below.
M. Web sites: In anticipation of electronic publications, all citations to Web sites should indicate the uniform resource Locator (URL), such as Review of Development Economics, http://www.ag.iastate.edu/journals/rde or World Trade Organization, http://www.wto.org.
N. Sample reference page:
References
Goffe, Bill, "Resources for Economists in the Internet," http://econwpa.wustl.edu/, June 1996.
Batra, Ravi, "A General Equilibrium Model of Multinational Corporations in Developing Economies," Oxford Economic Papers 38 (1986):342-53.
Jones, Ronald W. and José Scheinkman, "The Relevance of the Two-Sector Production Model in Trade Theory," Journal of Political Economy 85 (1977):909-35.
Salvatore, Dominick (ed.), The New Protectionist Threat to World Welfare, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1987, pp. 12-15.
Krugman, Paul R., "On the Relationship between Trade Theory and Location Theory," Review of International Economics 1 (1993, forthcoming).
Doe, John and Mark Coauthor, Title of Book, Boston: Brown and Company, 1978.
Doe, John, His work in a later edition, Boston: Blackwell Publishers, 1993 (2nd ed), etc.
___, "His Chapter in a Cooperative Work," in Calvin Hobbs (ed.), Title of Book, Boston: etc.
___, "His Unpublished Work," Ph.D. dissertation (or whatever), University of Rochester, 1992.

6. Notes

A. Place the endnote sheet(s) at the back of the paper, after the references.
B. Endnotes are necessary only for further explanation of something within the text. Do not use them to refer a work cited. In this case, use a reference citation in parentheses.
C. Double spaced.
D. Sample Notes
Notes: 1. For a comprehensive review of the literature on the demand for land in Japan, see Hiroshi Mori (1992).

7. Miscellaneous

A. Spelling and Hyphenation: Be consistent in use of hyphenation, e.g., do not go from "rent seeker", to "rent-seeker", to "rentseeker." Refer to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (no British spellings).
B. RDE Preferences: Avoid using lowercase "l" to denote a variable. 75% instead of seventy-five percent One,..., ten instead of "1, ..., 10", but Arabic numerals should be used for statistics or labels (e.g., 5%, good 2). 1990s not 1990's World War II not World War Two June 1930 not June, 1930 21 June 1990 not June 21, 1990 1993Q2 not second quarter of 1993 1991:01 - 1994:12 not January 1991 - December 1994. Keynes's not Keynes' P. A. Samuelson not P.A. Samuelson (place space between initials) RHS, LHS not R.H.S. or L.H.S. et al. (roman) i.e., (roman, followed by a comma) e.g., (roman, followed by a comma) "...," space before and after quotations QED (optional) state it at the end of proof, not taking up another line. page numbers: 159-70 not 159-170 100-108 not 100-08 1049-75 not 1049-1075 manuscript not mimeo
C. Refer to the Chicago Manual of Style for similar judgment and guidance.

A Final Checklist

You can expedite the publication of your manuscripts, if you correct the following problems. If not, you will be contacted to correct them and delays may occur.

1. Delete any organization paragraphs such as "Section 2 presents...." You would have more space for other things if you delete it than if it is deleted by the editorial office.
2. Missing volume number, publication year, and page numbers: Every journal article cited should list these.
3. Titles of Figures and Tables: Please include them.
4. Please do not start a sentence with a variable or a math symbol.
5. Footnotes should be converted into endnotes.
6. All figures must be camera-ready.
7. Do not repeat introduction material in the conclusion, and vice versa.
8. Underscore each endnote with an inverted red caret mark (like a "v"). Also circle each abbreviation with a red pen.
9. Your e-mail and postal addresses must be current. If you move, inform the editorial office about your new addresses. See why publication of your paper is delayed.
10. Include a copy of the acceptance letter, plus (optional) photographs�prints or JPEG files�of authors (for Internet).
11. A recent issue of RDE is an excellent guide.